ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง
ูุฏู ุฒูุฏู
2010-10-20
ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ
ุนูู ุฑุบู
ุฃู ูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ุฎูุงู ุงูุนุงูู
ุจุฏุฃูุง ูููุฑูุง ุนูู ู
ุณุฆูุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง (ู ูู ุงูุบุฑุจ ูุดูู ุนูู
) ูุนุฏ ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ููู
11 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ ูู ุนุงู
2001, ููุฌุฏ ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุงุทูู ุจูุซูุฑ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุฉ. ูุตููุง ุฃูู ู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ูู ูุฑู 16, ุนูุฏู
ุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุงูุธุงูุฑุฉ ู
ุนุฑูู ุจุฅุณู
“ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ุงูุนุจูุฏ.” ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุณุชูุดููู ุงูุงูุฑุจููู ู ุงูู
ุณุชูุทููู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู ุฎุทููุง ูุงุณ ู
ู ุบุฑุจ ุงูุฑููุง ู ุจุนุถ ุงูุงูุฑููููู ูุงููุง ู
ุณูู
ูู. ู
ุนุธู
ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงูุนุจูุฏ ูุฑุถูุง ุงูุชุญููู ู
ู ุฏูู ุงูุฃุณูุงู
ุฅูู ุฏูู ุงูู
ุณูุญู ูุนุจูุฏูู
, ููู ูุฐุง ุงูุชุนุฑุถ ุฅูู ุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุฃู
ุฑููุง ูู ููุช ู
ุจูุฑุฉ ุฃุซุฑุช ุงูุนูุฏุฉ ุฅูู ุฅุณูุงู
ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฑูุฉ ูู ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุดุฑูู.
ู ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ูุฐู ุงููุชุฑุฉ, ุจุฏุฃ ุฃู ููุงุฌุฑู ุจุนุถ ุณูุงู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุงุซู
ุงููุฉ ุฅูู ุงู
ุงูู ู
ุนูููุฉ ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ูู ุขุฎุฑ ูุฑู 19 ู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ูุฑู 20. ุนูู ุฑุบู
ุฃู ูุซูุฑ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุงุฌุฑูู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑุงุถู ุงูุนุซู
ุงูู ูุงููุง ู
ุณูุญููู, ูุซูุฑ ู
ููู
ูุงููุง ู
ุณูู
ููู ุฃูุถุงู, ููุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงููุฌุฑุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉ ูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง.
ููุณ ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุงูุชุญุฏุซ ุนู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุณุฃูุฉ ุจุฏูู ุฐูุฑ ุงูุญุฑูุงุช ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃุณูุฏ, ุฎุตูุตุงู ุงุฑุชูุงุน “ุฃู
ุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
” ูู ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุดุฑูู. ูุฏู
ูุฐุง ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ููุฑุต ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุชู
ููู ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฑูุฉ ู ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุฐูู, ู
ุนุธู
ููุงุฏุงุช ูุฐุง ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ูุงู ุนูุฏูู
ุดุฎุตูุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉ(ุฃุจุฑุฒ ู
ููู
ูุงู “ู
ูููู
ุงูุณ”) . ู ูุฐุฉ ุงูุนูุงู
ู ุดุฌุนูุง ูุซูุฑ ู
ู
ู ุงูุฅู
ูุฑูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฑูุฉ ุฅูู ู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ ูู ุฃู
ุฉ ุงูุฃุณูุงู
.
ุถุฑูุฑู ุฃู ูุนุฑู ุฃู ูุนุชุจุฑ ูุฐุง ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ู ุฃูุฏููููุฌูุชูุง ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุชูุงุฑ ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ู, ููู ู
ูุงูู ู
ุง ุฒุงู ู
ูู
ูุฃู ุฏุฎูุช ู
ุนุธู
ุฃุชุจุงุน ุฃู
ุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ุฅูู ุงูุชูุงุฑ ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ู ุจุนุฏ ููู ูุงุฆุฏูู
ู ู
ุฆุณุณูู
(“ุฅููุงูุฌุง ู
ุญู
ุฏ”) ูู ุนุงู
1975.
ุขุฎุฑูุชุฑุฉ ุชุงุฑูุฎุฉ ุญุฏูุซูุฉ ู
ุชุนูู ุจูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุน ูู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ู
ู ุนุงู
1965 ุฅูู ุงูููุช ุงูุญุงูู. ุจุนุฏ ู
ุฏูุฉ ุทูููุฉ, ุงููุชุญ ุจุงุจ ุงููุฌุฑุฉ ุฅูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุจุณูุงุณุฉ ุนุงู
1965, ู
ุนุฑูู ุจุนูุงู “ูุงููู ุงููุฌุฑุฉ ู ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ.” ุฎูุงู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูุชุงููุฉ, ุบููุฑ ุดูู ุณูุงู ุงูุจูุฏ ุจุณุจุจ ูุฐุง ุงููุงููู ุจุดูู ุนุงู
, ู ุจุดูู ุฎุงุต ูู ุณู
ุญ ุงููุฌุฑุฉ ููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู. ู ุฃุบูุจูุฉ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุงูุขู (ุญูุงูู 67 ูู ุงูู
ุฆุฉ) ูุชููู ู
ู ู
ูุงุฌุฑูู ู
ู ุงู
ุงูู ูุซูุฑุฉ, ูููู
ุงูุชูููุง ุฅูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ุนูู ุณุจุจ ูุฐุง ุงููุงููู ุงูุญูููุฉ.
ุฃููุงุฑ ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู ูุงูุนูู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง
1)ุงูุชููุน ู ุงูุชุนุฏุฏูุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง
ุชูุฏูุฑุงุช ูู ูุฐุง ุงูููู
ูููููุง ุฃู ููุงู ุจูู 2 ู 7 ู
ูููู ู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ู ูู
ูุชูููู ุญูุงูู ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุงูู
ุฆุฉ ู
ู ุนุฏุฏ ุงูุณูุงู. ู ุงูุชุดู ุงุณุชุทูุงุน ู
ู ู
ุฑูุฒ “ุจูู” ูู ุนุงู
2007 ุฃู ููุณ ููุงู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุฃุบูุจูุฉ ุงุนุฑููุฉ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฏูู
ูุบุฑููุฉ.ูุฐุง ุงูุญูููุฉ ุชุฎุชูู ูุดู ูุจูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุตูุฑุฉ ุงููู
ุทูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุธููุฑ ูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูุนุฑุจ. ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ, ููุท 25 ูู ุงูู
ุฆุฉ ู
ู ุนุฏุฏ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ูู
ุนุฑุจ ู ุฃุบูุจูู
ุบูุฑุนุฑุจ. ู ุชูุฌุฏ ููุณ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุงูุถุงู. ุชุจููู ุงูุฅุญุตุงุกุงุช ุฃู ุญูุงูู ุฑุจุนูู
ู
ู ุฃุตู ุนุฑุจ, ู ุฑุจุน ู
ู ุฃุตู ุงูููุฏ ู ุจุงูุณุชุงู ู ุฑุจุน ุฃู ุซูุซูู
ุงูุฃู
ูุฑูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฑูุฉ, ู ููุงู ู
ุฌู
ูุน ูุชููู ู
ู ุงูู
ุชุญูููู ู
ู ุฃุตู ูููุงุฒู. ู ูุฐูู, ูู ูุงุถุญ ุฃู ุงูุชููุน ู
ู ูุญูุฉ ุงูุนุฑู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจุบุฒุงุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ุทุงุฆูุฉ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู. ู ููู ูุฐุง, ููุงู ุชููุน ู
ู ูุญูุฉ ุชุฌุฑุจุชูู
ุงูุฃูุตุงุฏูุฉ. ู
ุน ุฃู ุฃุบูุจูู
ุฌุฒ ู
ู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููุณุทุฉ, ุงูุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุงูุฃูุชุตุงุฏูุฉ ุจูููู
ู
ุฑุทุจุชุฉ ู
ุน ุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุนุฑููุฉ.
ุจุงูุฃุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุงูุชุตุงุฏูุฉ ู ุนุฑููุฉ, ุงููุฑู ุงูุฃูุถู ู ู
ููุฏ ุฃูุซุฑ ุจูุณุจุฉ ูุฐุง ุงูุชุญููู ุจุดู ุนุงู
ูู ุงููุฑู ุจูู ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู ุงูู
ูุงุฌุฑูู (ุงูุฐูู ูุงุฌุฑูุง ู
ู ุจูุงุฏ ูู ุงูุฑูููุง ู ุขุณูุง ู ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุงูุณุท ู ุงู
ุงูู ุขุฎุฑู) ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฐูู ูุนุชุจุฑู ู
ู ุงูุณูุงู ุงูุฃุตูููู (ู
ุซู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฑูุฉ ู ุงูู
ุชุญูููู ู
ู ุฃุตู ูููุงุฒู). ูุฐุง ุงููุฑู ูุคุซุฑ ุนูู ุชุฌุฑุจุงุช ู ุงุชุญุฏูุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุชูููู ููุฅู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุฅูู ุฃูุตู ุญุฏ.
2) ู
ุง ูู ุดูู ุงููููุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉุ
ุงูุชููุน ุงูุซูุงูู ุฏุงุฎู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ูุคุซุฑ ุนูู ุงููููุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ูุฃู ููู
ุดุฎุต ุนู ุฏููู ูููู
ุนูู ุงูุณูุงู ุงูููู
ู ุงูุฐู ูุนูู
ุฏููู ูู (ุฅูู ุญุฏ ู
ุง). ู ูุฃู ููุงู ุงุดุฎุงุต ู
ู ุงู
ุงูู ูุซูุฑุฉ ุฎูุงู ุงูุนุงูู
ูู ุงูู
ุณุงุฌุฏ ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง, ุงุญูุงูุงู ููุงู ุชูุชุฑุงุช ุจูู ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก. ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงู, ููุงู ุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุฑูููุฉ ูู ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุตููุฉ ู ุงูู
ูุงุจุณ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ุจูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ู
ู ุฏูู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ, ู ุงุญูุงูุงู ูุตูุน ูุฐุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุตุฑุงุนุงุช ุนูุงุฆุฏูู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูู
ุณุงุฌุฏ ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง. ููู ูู ู
ุนุธู
ุงูููุช, ูู
ููุญูุฏูู ุญูู ููุฑุฉ ุงููููุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑููุง, ุดูุก ู
ุดุชุฑู ุจูู ูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู (ุงูู
ูุงุฌุฑูู ู ุงูุณูุงู ุงูุฃุตูููู ุงูุถุงู). ู ูุฐูู ุงููููุฉ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ูุฉ ุงูู
ุฑูููุฉ ูุฏูุฑ ุญูู ูููุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ุงูู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ ู ุงูุถุงู ุทุจุนุงู ุญูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงูุฅุณูุงู
ู (ุญุชู ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ุฃู ููุฌุฏ ุฃุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุฏูููุฉ ุฑูููุฉ ุจูู ุจุนุถูู
).
ูุถุงูุง ุงูุฎูุงููุฉ
ู
ุนุฑูู ุฃู ุงุญุฏุงุซ 11 ุณุจุชู
ุจุฑ ุบูุฑุช ุงูุนูุงูุงุช ุจูู ู
ุณูู
ูู ู ุบูุฑ ู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ูู ุฒุงููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู
, ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ู
ููุน ูุฐู ุงูุงุญุฏุงุซ, ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ูุญุฏุฉ. ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุญุงุถุฑ, ููุงูุด ูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงููุงุณ ุฏุงุฎู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุนู ูุถุงูุง ุฎูุงููุฉ ู
ุญูุทุฉ ุจู
ูุงู ุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง.
1) ุฏูุฑ ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ูู ุตูุน ุตูุฑ ูู
ุทูุฉ:
ุจุนุต ุฃู ุฑุจู
ุง ู
ุนุธู
ุงูุงู
ุฑููููู ูุฌูุจูู ู
ุนููู
ุงุชูู
ุนู ุฅุณูุงู
ู
ู ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ุจุฏูู ุชุนููู ู
ู ุฃู ู
ุณูู
ููุณู ุฃู ู
ู ุฃู ู
ุณูู
ุฉ ููุณูุง, ู ุงููุชูุฌุฉ ู
ู ูุฐุง ุงูุญุงู ูู ุงูุตูุฑ ุงููู
ุทูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุธุงูุฑ ูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุจุดูู ูุงุญุฏ ู ุจุดูู ุณูุจู. ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู ููุชู
ูู ูุซูุฑ ุจูุฐุง ุงูู
ุดููุฉ, ู ุจุนุถูู
ูุธููู ุฃู ุฃุณุงุณ ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ุฃู ุฃูุฅุนูุงู
ูุง ูุณู
ุญ ุฃู ููุดุฑ ุขุฑุงุก ู
ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุฃููุณูู
ูู ุจุฑุงู
ุฌูู
. ููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููู ูุฌุงุจูู ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุดููู ุจุฑุงุฆูู
ุฃู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ู
ุณุคูููู ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ูุฃููู
ูุง ูุชุญุฏุซู ุถุฏู ุงูุชุทุฑู ูู ุตููููู
. ู ุงูุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ููุฐุง ุงูุดููู ุฃููู
ูุนูุงู ูุฑูุน ุตูุชูู
ุถุฏู ุงูุชุทุฑู ููู ูุง ูุธูุฑ ุฃููุงุฑูู
ู ุฃุญุฏุงุซูู
ุงูุณูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฐูู ูุดุฌุน ุงูู ุงูุชุณุงู
ุญ ูุฃู ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ูููู
ุนูู ู
ูุงุถูุน ุณูุจู ู ุฎูุงููุฉ ููุท, ู ููุณ ูู ุงูุชู
ุงู
ูู ูุฐุง ุงููุทุงุน ุจุงุดูุงุก ุฅุฌุงุจูุฉ ุนู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู.
ูู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑู, ุงูู
ุณุฃูุฉ ูุนูุงู ู
ุนูุฏุฉ ูุฃู ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ูุตูุน ุงูุฅุนูุงู
ุตูุฑ ูู
ุทูุฉ ู ุชุบูุฑ ูุฐุง ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏุงู ุฃู ุฑุจู
ุง ุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุณุชุญูู. ู ุจุณุจุจ ูุฐุง, ุฃุธู ุฃู ู
ู ุงูุฃูู
ู ุฃูุถู ุทุฑู ูุนุงููุฉ ูุฅุตูุงุญ ุณูุก ุงูุชูุงูู
ุจูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ู ุงูุฃุฎุฑูู ูู ุชุนุฑุถ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุนุงุฏููู ุฅูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู ุบูุฑ ู
ุณูู
ููโุชุนุฑุถ ุฅูู ุญูุงุชูู
ูุฃููุงุฑูู
ุงูุชู
ุงู
ูู
. ูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุณูุถุฏู ุงูุตูุฑ ุงููู
ุทูุฉ ุงูุณูุจูุฉ (ุงูุชู ุชุตูุนูู
ุงูุฅุนูุงู
) ู ุณููุชุญ ุจุงุจ ุญูุงุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูุชูุงูู
ู ุงูุชุนุงูู ุณูู
ูุงู ุญููููุงู. ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ู
ุญุชุฌูู ุชู
ุซูู ุงูุฐุงุชู ูู ุงูุฅุนูุงู
. ู ููู ูุฐุง, ุงุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ููุงู ุฏูุฑุงู ุจุงุฑุฒุงู ูุงูุชูุงูู
ุจูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ู ุบูุฑ ู
ุณูู
ูู ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูุนูุงูุงุช ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ .
2) ููู ูุญูู ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูููู
ู ู ูุถู
ู ุญููู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑูููู ูู ููุณ ุงูููุชุ
ุจุนุต ุงูู
ุชุนุตุจูู ุงูุงู
ุฑูููู ูุดุนุฑูู ุจุงูุฎูู ู
ู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุจูุงุฏูู
ู
ู ูุญูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูููู
ู ูุฃููู
ูุคู
ููู ุจุงูุงุดุงุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุชููู ุฃู ูู ู
ุณูู
ู
ุชุทุฑู ุฃู ุฅุฑูุงุจู. ู ุงุญูุงูุงู ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุงู
ุฑููููู ููุงููู ุฃููู
ูุนุงู ู
ู ุงูุชู
ููุฒู ูุฑูุฏูู ุงูู
ุณุงูุงุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฃู
ุฑููู. ุฃุณุงุณ ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ูู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑู ูู ุงูุชูุชุฑ ุจูู ุชุญููู ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูููู
ู ู ุถู
ู ุญููู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู. ูุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุฃุจุฑุฒ ุฃู
ุซูุฉ ุนู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุน ูู ุงูุชูู
ูุท ุงูุนูุตุฑู ุงูุฐู ูุนุงูู ูุนุถ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู (ุฎุตูุตุงู ูู ุงูู
ุทุงุฑุงุช ุฎูุงู ุงูุณูุฑ). ุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุคูุฏ ูุฐุง ุงูุณูุงุณุฉ ูุฑุฃูููุง ูุดูุก ุงุฌุงุจู ู ู
ูุทูู ูุฃู ูู ุงูุฅุฑูุงุจููู ุงูุฐูู ูุงุฌู
ู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุญุฏูุซ ูู
ูุนุชุจุฑูู ู
ุณูู
ูู. ู ุงูู
ุฌู
ุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุนุงุฑุถ ูุฐุง ุงูููุฑุฉ ุชููู ุฃู ุงุณุชุญุงู ุงูุชุจุฑูุฑ ุนู ูุฐู ุงูููุฑุฉ ู ุฃู ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทููู ุนูุฏูู
ุงูู
ุณุงูุงุฉ ูู ุงูุญููู ู ุงูุถุงู ุฃู ูุง ุชูุชุตุฑ ูุฐู ุงูุญููู ูุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุฑููููู ููุท.
ุจุดูู ุนุงู
, ูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุงูุดุฉ ุนู ุงูุฏู
ุงุฌ ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุฅู
ุฑููู, ุฃุฑู ุฃู ููุฌุฏ ุชุญุฏูุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงููุฏู ูุฃู ุงูุชูุชุฑ ุจูู ุงูุชุญููุธ ุนูู ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูููู
ู ู ุงูุชุญููู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑููููู. ูุฏ ูุนุฑู ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ููุฐุง ุงููุถูุฉ ุฃุฐุง ุฑููุฒูุง ุนูู ุงูุชูุงุฒู ุจูู ุงููุฏููู ุจุดูู ู
ุณุชู
ุฑ. ูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ููุฌุญ ูููุง ูุฃู ุฃูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ู ุงูููู
ู ูุงุถุญ, ููู ููู ูุฐุง ูุง ูุฏู ุฃู ูุญู
ู ุงูุญููู ููู ู
ูุงุทู ูุฃู ุญู
ูุฉ ุงูุญููู ูู ูุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูุฃูุฏููููุฌูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ. ูู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑู, ุฃุฐุง ุณู
ุญูุง ุงุณุชุซูุงุก ู ูุง ูุถู
ู ุญููู ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง,ููู ุงูู
ูุงุทููู ุณูููููู ุฃุณูุฃ ุญุงูุง ุนูู ุงูู
ุฏูู ุงูุจุนูุฏ.
ุงูู
ุฑุงุฌุน
โข “ุงูู
ุณูู
ูู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑูููู : ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููุณุทู ูู
ุนุธู
ูู
ู
ู ุงูุชูุงุฑ ุงูุฑุฆูุณู.”
Pew Research Center. ุนุงู
2007.
โข ู
ูุงูุฉ ุนู “ุฅุณูุงู
ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง.” ู
ููุน ููููุจูุฏูุง.
The Experiences of Muslims in America
History
Although many people throughout the world began thinking about the issue of Islam in America (and in the West in general) after the events of September 11, there exists a history of Islam in America much longer than this latest period of time. The first Muslims arrived to America in the 16th century, when the phenomenon known as the slave trade began. Some European explorers and American settlers kidnapped people from West Africa, and some of the Africans were Muslims. Most of the slave owners required their slaves to convert from the religion of Islam to Christianity, but this exposure to Islam in America at an early period of time influenced the return to Islam by African Americans in the 20th century.
In addition to that period of time, some residents in Ottoman territories began to migrate to particular places in the United States at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Although most many of these immigrants coming from Ottoman land were Christians, many were also Muslims. Thus began the period of modern migration in the history of Islam in America.
It is not possible to discuss this topic without mentioning the Black Muslim movements, in particular the growth of the Nation of Islam in the 20th century. This movement presented new opportunities for the empowerment of the African American community. In addition to that, most of the leaders of this movement had large personalities (the most prominent being Malcolm X). These factors encouraged many African Americans to participate in the Nation of Islam. We must recognize that this movement and its ideology are considered different from mainstream Islam, but its role is still important because most of the followers of the Nation of Islam entered mainstream Islam after their leader and founder Elijah Muhammed died in the year 1975.
The last modern historical period associated with this topic is the period between 1965 to the present day. After a long period of time, the door of migration to America was opened with a policy in 1965, known under the title, โThe Immigration and Nationality Act.โ The appearance of the country changed in a general way due to this law, and in particular it allowed the migration of many Muslims. And the majority of Muslims in America today (about 67%) consists of immigrants from many different places, all of them having moved to the United States thanks to this vital law.
Thoughts of this Group and Their Reality in America
1. Diversity and Pluralism amongst Muslims in America
Statistics today state that there are between 2 and 7 million Muslims in America and that they comprise about 1% of the American population. A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2007 discovered that there does not exist a majority ethnic group in this demographic. This fact differs greatly from the stereotype that makes all Muslims appear to be Arabs. In actuality, only 25% of the global Muslim population is Arab and most Muslims are not Arab. And there exists this same state in America also. Statistics show us that about a quarter of Muslims in America are Arab, a quarter are South Asian, and a quarter or a third are African American. And there is also a group that consists of converts of Caucasian background. And because of this, it is clear that ethnic diversity exists in abundance inside the group of Muslim Americans. Moreover, there is diversity in terms of their economic experiences as well. Although most of them are part of the middle class, economic differences between them are associated with ethnic differences. In addition to economic and ethnic differences, a preferable and more beneficial general distinction in terms of analyzing this community is the difference between the experiences of immigrant Muslim Americans (who migrated from countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere), and the Muslims that are considered indigenous (like African Americans and converts of Caucasian background). This distinction influences their differing experiences to the greatest extent.
2. What does Muslim American identity look like?
The cultural diversity that exists inside the community of Muslim Americans influences American Muslim identity because an individualโs understand of their religion is based on the national context in which they learned their religion (to a certain extent). And because there are individuals from many different places throughout the world in the mosques of America, sometimes there are clashes between their members. By way of an example, there are subtle differences by the way of prayer and in religious dress between Muslims from different countries, and sometimes these differences produce ideological conflicts inside the mosques of America. But in most cases, they unite around the idea of America identity, something which is shared between all Muslim Americans (the immigrant Muslim Americans and indigenous Muslim Americans as well). And because of this, American Muslim identity revolved around their shared American identity and also of course around shared Islamic traditions (even though there are religious differences between some of them).
Controversial Issues
It is well-known that the events of September 11th changed relations between Muslims and non-Muslims in every corner of the world, especially in the location of those events, the United States. In the present day, many people inside and outside of America discuss the controversial issues surrounding the place of Islam in America.
1. The Role of Media in Producing Stereotypes:
Some or perhaps most Americans get their information about Islam from the media, without comment from any Muslim themselves. The result of this situation is the stereotypical images that present all Muslims in a single, negative light. Muslim Americans are very interested in this problem, and some of them feel that the basis of the problem is the fact that the media does not allow or does not publish opinions from Muslims themselves in their programs. But some Americans respond to this complaint with their opinion that Muslims are responsible for this problem because they do not speak out against the extremists in their ranks. And the answer from Muslims to this complaint is that they do indeed raise their voices against extremism but their peaceful ideas and events that encourage coexistence do not appear because the media is based on negative and controversial issues only, and that there is not interest in this sector on positive aspects of Muslims.
In my opinion, this issue indeed is complicated because the media always seems to produce stereotypical images and to change this situation seems very difficult if not impossible. And because of this, I think the most preferable and important effective way to improve the misunderstand between Muslims and non-Muslims is to expose non-Muslim Americans to everyday Muslims โ exposure to their lives and thoughts and interests. This method will oppose the negative stereotypes (that the media produces) and will open the door of dialogue that leads to true understanding and peaceful cooperation. Muslim Americans are in need of self-representation in the media. Moreover, I think that there is a prominent role to be played by interpersonal relations in order to promote more mutual understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims.
2. How can we ensure national security and guarantee the rights of Muslim Americans at the same time?
Some intolerant Americans are afraid of the Muslims living inside their country in terms of national security because they believe in the rumor that states that all Muslims are extremists or terrorists. And sometimes some Muslim Americans state that they suffer from discrimination and that they desire equality in American society. The basis of the problem in my opinion is the tension between ensuring national security and guaranteeing the rights of Muslim Americans. One of the most prominent examples in this topic is the racial profiling that some Muslims suffer from (especially in airports while traveling). The group that is in support of this policy view it as something positive and logical because all of the terrorists that have attack America in recent times have been considered Muslims. And the group who opposes this idea states that there is no justification for this idea and that all Americans deserve equal rights and that full rights are not only limited to some Americans.
In general, in this discussion on the integration of Muslims in American society, I see that there exist many challenges in an effort to attain this goal because of the tension between ensuring national security and guaranteeing the rights of Muslim Americans. We may find an answer to this issue if we focus on the balance between the two objectives in a continuous way. This is the only way that it might be possible for us to succeed because of the importance of national security is clear, but above that we must protect the rights of all Americans because the protection of rights is the basis of the American ideology. And in my point of view, if we allow an exception to be made and we do not guarantee all the rights of Muslims in America, then all Americans will be worse off in the long run.
thoughts?